Makassar Dental Journal

Content of Volume 15 Issue 1 April 2026

Makassar Dental Journal — 2026-05-10

Content of Volume 15 Issue 1 April 2026

Inhibitory test of soursop fruit extract (Annona muricata L) against clinical isolates of Candida albicans from the users of heat polymerized acrylic resin denture

Resa Ferdina — 2026-05-10

Health problems that often occur due to the use of dentures are denture stomatitis. Candida albicans is a microorganism in the oral cavity with the highest
prevalence in denture stomatitis. One herbal ingredient that can be used as an alternative denture cleaner is soursop fruit (Annona muricata L). This labo
ratory experimental study used a post-test control group design to provide data on the inhibitory effect of soursop fruit extract on the growth of C.albicans.
The samples were C.albicans suspensions obtained from clinical isolates of heat-polymerised acrylic resin (HPAR) denture users, which were given 5 types
of treatment with concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15%, positive control and negative control, with 25 samples. Using SPSS, the data were analysed using
the chi-square test. It was concluded that soursop fruit extract had an inhibitory effect on C.albicans clinical isolates from HPAR denture users, with the ave
rage inhibitory effect increasing with increasing concentration

Topical application of moringa leaf extract gel (Moringa oleifera Lam.) on the number of fibroblasts in the healing of stomatitis in male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus)

Putu Yetty Nugraha — 2026-05-10

Moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera Lam.) are widely used for healing and nutrition because they contain tannins, flavonoids, and saponins. Flavonoids can acce- lerate the healing of inflammation by increasing fibroblasts. This article explores the effect of topical application of ML extract gel on increasing the number of fibroblasts in the healing process of stomatitis in male Wistar rats. This laboratory experimental study used a randomised post-test only control group design. Thirty rats were divided into five groups: positive control (K+), negative control (K-), and ML extract gel concentrations of 15% (P1), 20% (P2), and 25% (P3). Stomatitis was induced using 35% hydrogen peroxide for 6 days, then the gel was applied to the stomatitis for 3 days. The number of fibroblasts was observed on day 4 using HE staining, showing that the average number of fibroblasts in (K-) was 3.33, (K+) was 8.16; P1 was 5.00, increased to 6.50 in P2, and re-ached 7.33 in P3. Statistical tests showed a significant difference (p<0.05) between the treatment group and the negative control. It was concluded that the application of 25% DK extract gel had higher efficacy than other concentrations.

Differences in cephalic and nasal indices between female and male students of the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Baiturrahmah, class of 2021

Khadijah Putri Nopan — 2026-05-10

Physical anthropology is the anthropometry of the skull and face, which studies the measurement of the dimensions of the skull and face. The cephalic in-dex is used in anthropometry to describe the shape of the human head. The nasal index is used in anthropology to help determine personal identity, parti-cularly differences in race, ethnicity, and gender. This study discusses the differences in cephalic and nasal indices between female and male students of the 2021 cohort at the Faculty of Dentistry, Baiturrahmah University. The population of this analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design con-sisted of 100 students of the 2021 class, obtained using purposive sampling. The data were analysed univariately and bivariately using the independent t-test and Spearman's rho using the SPSS v.25.0. The results showed that males had an average nasal index of 75.24%, while females had 71.64%, both classified as mesorrhine. The average cephalic index for males was 79.45%, and for females 76.73%, both also classified as mesocephalic, indicating a significant difference between the nasal index and cephalic index of male and female students (p<0.05). It was concluded that there was a significant dif-ference bet-ween the cephalic index and nasal index of male and female students.

Dissolution time test of effervescent denture cleaner tablets containing 6.5% cocoa fruit peel (Theobroma cacao L.)

Mohammad Dharma Utama — 2026-05-10

The dissolution time test aims to determine the length of time it takes for effervescent tablets to dissolve in a solvent medium. Effervescent tablets made from cocoa bean shells (Theobroma cacao L.) contain flavonoids, saponins, and catechins, which prevent pellicle adhesion and glucan formation by Strepto-coccus mutans, thereby inhibiting the growth of Candida albicans on acrylic resin dentures. This study discusses the dissolution time of KBK effervescent tablets with a concentration of 6.5%. This study is a true experimental study using 16 samples of effervescent tablets tested with a disintegration tester after immersion in distilled water. The results showed that the average dissolution time of KBK tablets was 133 seconds with a standard deviation of 8.07, while that of alkaline peroxide effervescent tablets was 191.38 seconds with a standard deviation of 6.80, indicating a significant difference (p-value 0.000; <0.05). It was concluded that cocoa fruit peel extract tablets had a faster dissolution time than alkaline peroxide effervescent tablets.

Dentists' acceptance of the implementation of electronic medical records at community health centres in Padang City

Dea Ignacia Manurung — 2026-05-10

The implementation of electronic medical records (EMR) in health facilities, including community health centres, is one strategy to improve the quality of health services, although the level of implementation is still very low, at only 8.0% of 9,831 community health centres. Most community health centres (48.9%) still use non-electronic medical records, while 43.1% use a combined electronic and non-electronic medical record system. However, the level of acceptance of this technology by dentists remains a challenge, especially in areas with limited infrastructure and training. This quantitative study analy-sed the acceptance of dentists towards the implementation of EMR in community health centres in Padang City, using a descriptive survey through a cross-sectional approach on 45 dentists at the Padang City Community Health Centre. The questionnaire was designed to measure dentists' perceptions, atti-tudes, interest, and actual use of EMR. The results showed that 86.7% of respondents perceived EMR as beneficial, with the majority of dentists believing that EMR can improve work efficiency and service quality. Attitudes towards the use of RME were generally positive (95.6%), interest in the implementa-tion of RME was also high (95.6%), and the actual use of RME showed good results (86.7%), although the perception of ease of use was still low. It was concluded that the implementation of RME among dentists had the highest level of acceptance, namely in the good category.

Antibacterial test of red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) extracts at 10%, 30% and 60% on the growth of Streptococcus mutans

I Gusti Agung Ayu Hartini — 2026-05-10

Red ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) is a plant that is often used as a research material and contains antibacterial compounds such as flavo-noids, oleoresin, essential oils and tannins. This study explored the use of RG extract to inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans through laboratory experi-ments using a post-test only control group design, with 24 samples consisting of a positive control group treated with vancomycin antibiotics, and groups trea-ted with RG extract at concentrations of 10%, 30% and 60%. The inhibition power at a concentration of 10% was 6.5 mm, 30% was 6.83 mm, and 60% was 8.83 mm. The higher the extract concentration, the greater the amount of antibacterial compounds released. It was concluded that the inhibition power of RG extract concentrations of 10%, 30% and 60% could inhibit the growth of S.mutans; the 60% concentration was the most effective.

Analysis of dentists' knowledge and skill levels in providing dental and oral health services to HIV/AIDS patients in Parepare City, South Sulawesi

Andi Anggun Mauliana Putri — 2026-05-10

HIV/AIDS remains a global health issue in Indonesia, with the city of Parepare, South Sulawesi, recording an increase in cases. The crucial role of dentists in managing HIV/AIDS patients requires optimal preparedness, which is measured by their knowledge and attitudes. This study evaluated changes in the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour of 46 dentists in Parepare after an educational seminar and hands-on intervention. This observational study used a cross-sectional series design with questionnaires administered before and after the intervention. Data analysis used the Wilcoxon test and paired sample t-test. The intervention successfully increased the average knowledge score (p=0.162) and attitude score (p=0.876), although these increases were not statistically significant. However, the dentists' behaviour scores showed a significant increase (p=0.022), indicating the effectiveness of the intervention in triggering changes in clinical practice. It was concluded that educational seminars and hands-on training are effective in improving the behaviour of dentists in treating HIV/AIDS patients. Continuing education programmes are urgently needed to ensure improved quality of dental care for people with HIV/AIDS

Prevalence of periodontitis cases in the dental clinic Puskesmas Kerambitan II Tabanan periode October 2024-March 2025

Yuniari Dewi — 2026-05-10

Registration data for dental and oral services at the Kerambitan II Community Health Centre for the period October 2024-March 2025 shows that periodontal disease cases rank second among the highest diseases. Periodontitis is an inflammation and infection that occurs in the periodontal tissue and alveolar bone supporting the teeth. This descriptive study provides an overview of the prevalence of periodontitis cases among dental clinic visitors at the Kerambitan II Com-munity Health Centre from October 2024 to March 2025. The total population consisted of all visitors who had their teeth checked at the dental clinic, and the sample consisted of patients suffering from periodontitis. From the analysis of periodontal disease prevalence data based on gender, the highest prevalence was found in males (56.61%). It was concluded that periodontitis occurred among dental clinic visitors at the Kerambitan II Community Health Centre in Ta-banan from October 2024 to March 2025, with 189 sufferers, predominantly males at 56.61%. This is likely due to males having more unhealthy habits such as smoking and drinking alcohol.

Management of maxillofacial trauma by dentists in Bengkulu Province, Indonesia

Adhe Ismunandar — 2026-05-10

Maxillofacial injuries are a group of injuries that can be life-threatening and interfere with vital functions. Proper and timely treatment is essential to prevent acute and long-term complications. Dentists play a central role in the initial assessment and treatment of these injuries. This study analyses how dentists in In-donesia manage maxillofacial injuries at various levels of healthcare facilities. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using a structured question-naire administered to 30 dentists working in community health centres and hospitals of various types. Data were analysed using SPSS to obtain frequency distributions, percentages, and descriptive statistics. The findings show variations in clinical management related to the type of health facility and the clinical experience of the dentist. Common core management steps include airway assessment, bleeding control, and the application of advanced trauma life support (ATLS) (ABCDE) principles in the early phase of treatment. It was concluded that the management of maxillofacial trauma by dentists in Indonesia varies according to the work environment and professional experience. Continuing education and targeted training are needed to improve the competence of dentists in optimally handling these cases.

Correlation between cervical vertebral bone age and mandibular growth potential in a Javanese population

Marsellina Iduberga Mening Ibau — 2026-05-10

Assessment of mandibular growth potential is important in orthodontic treatment planning. Bone age, such as cervical vertebral bone (CVB) age, is consider-ed more accurate than chronological age in assessing skeletal maturation. This article discusses the correlation between CVB and mandibular growth poten-tial (MGP) in the Javanese population, through a correlative analytical study with a cross-sectional design, using 20 digital lateral cephalometric radiographs of Javanese patients aged 8-20 years. CVB measurements were performed using the Mito method, and MGP was calculated using a regression formula. At the initial stage, the mean CVB was 10.21 years, and MGP was 10.75 mm. At the final stage, CVB increased to 16.33 years, and MGP decreased to -1.53 mm. Pearson's test showed a significant negative correlation between CVB and MGP, Sig = 0.000 (p<0.05). It was concluded that there is a correlation bet-ween CVB and MGP in the Javanese population.

Prevalence of visits by patients with persistent deciduous teeth at Puskesmas Kerambitan II from October 2024 to March 2025

I Putu Dika Diwangga Putra — 2026-05-10

One of the most common disorders is persistent primary teeth, where the primary teeth do not fall out on time even though the teeth have grown in. There are many variations in the timing of tooth eruption. This study discusses the prevalence of persistent primary teeth at the Kerambitan II Tabanan Community Health Centre from October 2024 to March 2025. This descriptive observational study was conducted at the Kerambitan II Tabanan CHC, October 2024 to March 2025. Data were collected from patient visit records, a total of 731 visits and 234 patients with persistent deciduous teeth at the Dental Clinic; 135 females and 99 males. The prevalence of persistent primary teeth cases was 32% of total visits. The highest number of cases was in December 2024 (43.04%). It was concluded that persistent primary teeth were the most dominant case at the Kerambitan II CHC Dental Clinic during the study period.

Effectiveness of tomato juice (Lycopersicum esculentum mill.) at 100% and 50% concentrations on discolorized teeth

I Gusti Ketut Armiati — 2026-05-10

Tooth discolouration due to coffee consumption is a common aesthetic problem. Chemical bleaching agents have been proven effective, but they can cause side effects such as tooth sensitivity and gum irritation, necessitating safer natural alternatives. Tomatoes (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) contain hydro-gen peroxide and peroxidase, which have the potential to be used as natural teeth whitening agents. This study evaluated the effectiveness of 100% and 50% tomato juice in whitening discoloured teeth. A laboratory experimental study with a pretest–posttest group design was conducted using 27 post-extraction teeth divided into three groups: 100% and 50% tomato juice, and sterile aquadest as a control. The samples were soaked for 3 hours, then the change in tooth colour (?E*ab) was measured with a spectrophotometer. Data analysis using paired t-tests and one-way Anova showed significant differences before and after treatment (p<0.05). The Tukey post hoc test showed that 100% tomato juice had the greatest whitening effect compared to 50% tomato juice and the control. It was concluded that 100% and 50% tomato juice concentrations were effective in whitening teeth discoloured by coffee, with the highest effective-ness at a concentration of 100%.

The relationship between duration of betel chewing and caries status and oral hygiene status in the Pomako Village community aged 26-35 years

Sari Aldilawati — 2026-05-10

Oral health is an important aspect of a person's general health. This study analyses the relationship between the duration of betel chewing and the status of ca-ries and oral hygiene in the 26-35-year-old population of Kampung Pomako. This quantitative cross-sectional study consisted of individuals who had a habit of chewing betel, and the sample was selected using accidental sampling techniques. Data were collected through interviews, clinical observations, and examina-tions to measure the respondents' caries status and oral hygiene status. It appears that the habit of continuous betel nut chewing and poor oral hygiene tends to increase the risk of plaque formation, tartar, and tooth discolouration. Based on the Spearman correlation test, a p-value of 0.040 (< 0.05) was obtained, which means that there is a significant relationship between the duration of betel nut chewing and dental caries status, but there is no significant relationship bet-ween the duration of betel nut chewing and dental and oral hygiene status (p-value 0.077). It is concluded that education on dental and oral hygiene is import-ant for people who have a betel nut chewing habit.

The time difference between dental calculator calculation and manual calculation in Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index

Erthasya Aura Abrialihan — 2026-05-10

Conventionally, manual measurement of the Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) is time-consuming and prone to error. To address this chal-lenge, a dental calculator application was developed as a digital technology-based solution to speed up GOHAI calculations. This study determined the dura-tion of manual GOHAI measurement compared to the use of a digital dental calculator application. This was a quasi-experimental study with a posttest-only group design. Convenience sampling was used, resulting in a total of 70 samples from the population of students at the Faculty of Dentistry, Baiturrah-mah University, who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data collection process consisted of manual measurements taken in the first week and di-gital measurements taken in the third week. It was found that the average GOHAI measurement time using the digital dental calculator application (36.28 se-conds) was faster than using paper and pen (88.78 seconds) with a p-value of 0.000 (p<0.05), indicating a significant difference. The average difference in GOHAI measurement time between the manual and digital methods was 52.5 seconds. It was concluded that there was a difference in time between the use of a digital dental calculator and a manual application for GOHAI measurement.

Improving bleaching results with hydrogen peroxide combined with desensitising agents for optimal aesthetic results

Endo Sadewa — 2026-05-10

Teeth whitening (bleaching) procedures are popular treatments due to increasing aesthetic demands. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is the most commonly used agent in these procedures due to its clinically proven efficacy. The use of biomaterials such as gingival protectors and potassium nitrate-based desensitising agents has improved the safety profile of teeth whitening procedures. A 36-year-old woman presented to Hasanuddin University Hospital with the primary com-plaint of yellowing of her anterior teeth for approximately one year, seeking to improve her self-confidence. An in-office bleaching was performed using 40% H₂O₂ (Opalescence Boost), followed by the application of a gingival protectant (Opaldam-Ultradent) and the use of a potassium nitrate desensitising agent (Ul-traEZ) post-treatment. Hydrogen peroxide penetrates the enamel and releases free radicals that oxidise and break down the pigments causing stains into smaller, colourless molecules. The gingival protectant effectively prevents gingival irritation, while the desensitising agent relieves dentine sensitivity by depo-larising nerve endings and sealing dentine tubules. The external bleaching resulted in a significant colour change from 8 to 4. It was concluded that external bleaching treatment using 40% H?O? combined with protective measures for the gingival tissue effectively whitens teeth and achieves optimal results with minimal side effects.

Oral manifestation in patient with systemic lupus erythematosus

Fanni Kusuma Djati — 2026-05-10

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease that can affect various organs, including the oral cavity. Oral manifestations such as ulcers, candidiasis, cheilitis, and lichen planus-like lesions often reflect the activity of certain systemic diseases. A 26-year-old woman with a history of SLE, lu-pus nephritis, severe anaemia, and suspected neuropsychiatric lupus presented with complaints of fatigue, dizziness, leg swelling, pain when swallowing, re-current seizures, and oral discomfort. Intraoral examination revealed lichen planus-like lesions on the anterior buccal mucosa, ulcers on the posterior buccal mucosa, traumatic ulcers on the lateral tongue due to seizures, candidiasis on the dorsum of the tongue, and exfoliative cheilitis on the lips. Laboratory results showed severe anaemia, leukocytosis with lymphopenia, hypocalcaemia, and renal dysfunction. Treatment included oral hygiene education, use of a soft-bristled toothbrush, tongue cleaning with sterile gauze, nutritional counselling, and coordination with the Department of Internal Medicine for systemic monito-ring. Invasive procedures were avoided due to the risk of bleeding and infection. It was concluded that oral manifestations in SLE vary and can be indicators of systemic conditions. Dentists play an important role in early detection, supportive therapy, and multidisciplinary collaboration to improve patients' quality of life.

Periodontal surgery as treatment of periodontitis stage 1 grade A

Qonitah Nur Aslamiyah — 2026-05-10

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the periodontal tissues caused by certain microorganisms and characterised by the loss of periodontal tissue. Ac-cording to the American Academy of Periodontology in 2018. Periodontitis is classified into four stages based on the severity of the disease and the complex-ity of treatment, and three grades based on its progression. A 20-year-old woman presented to the Periodontology Department of RSGMP Unimus in Septem-ber 2024 with complaints of swollen gums and frequent bleeding during toothbrushing. Based on the medical history, clinical examination, and supporting tests, the patient was diagnosed with stage 1 grade A periodontitis accompanied by gingival enlargement. It was concluded that periodontal surgery showed a good success rate, resulting in the gingiva no longer being enlarged, having a coral pink colour, a firm consistency, stippling, and sharp interdental papillae.

The use of spoon matrices in composite Class IV restorations

Beatrice Fabiola — 2026-05-10

Composite resin is often chosen as a restorative material due to its aesthetic properties and minimally invasive technique. The selection of an appropriate matrix type plays an important role in the success of the restoration. Spoon matrices are non-transparent, spoon-shaped matrices commonly used on anterior teeth to form proximal walls. A 38-year-old woman visited the Unpad Dental Hospital complaining of a black gap in her upper right anterior teeth. The patient had never received treatment for her complaint. A class IV composite restoration was performed on tooth 11 using a spoon matrix. Loss of the palatal and proximal walls required the use of a matrix to recreate the proper contour and contact of the teeth. The spoon matrix helped create a proximal wall with appropriate anatomical contours and prevented overhang. It was concluded that the use of a spoon matrix in Class IV anterior tooth restoration yielded good subjective and objective results, with appropriate anatomical contours and no overhang.

Minimally invasive caries detection with fiber optic transillumination

Putu Maya Rizkita Putri — 2026-05-10

Failure to detect caries early affects the effectiveness of preventive care by dentists. Early detection of caries helps dentists prepare and determine the appro-priate and accurate type of treatment based on caries risk, lesion severity, surface integrity and caries activity, in relation to the need for or absence of treat-ment without instrumentation on non-cavity lesions. Successful early detection of caries helps dentists prevent and restore teeth before more extensive da-mage occurs. Caries is one of the dental and oral health problems that needs attention. The process of caries begins with the formation of white spot lesions, which, if treated quickly, will prevent extensive damage to the tooth structure, so early detection of caries is necessary to determine the location and extent of caries. Fibre optic transillumination is a minimally invasive method that can be used to detect caries through light transmission without invasive instruments to determine the treatment plan. It is concluded that the effectiveness of caries prevention treatment can be achieved through early detection of caries. Fibre optic transillumination is a minimally invasive method for detecting caries through light transmission.

Chemical modification of titanium implant surfaces to accelerate osseointegration in implant treatment

Muh. Ramli Wardana — 2026-05-10

According to the 2018 Basic Health Research, the index of tooth loss in Indonesia is 19%. Dental implants are one of the treatments for tooth loss. The pre-valence of dental implant users has increased by 14% per year. The materials used for implants vary greatly, one of which is titanium. Titanium has high bio-compatibility, but its surface needs to be modified to accelerate osseointegration. Chemical surface modification changes the chemical properties of the car-rier surface to produce specific interactions between surface molecules and cells, which not only affects the surface properties of the cells but also causes changes in their internal structure and function. This literature review discusses various chemical methods that can be used to modify the surface of tita-nium implants to improve and accelerate the osseointegration process. It is concluded that modifications to the surface of dental titanium implants can alter the morphology and properties of the implant surface, thereby stimulating bone growth around the implant and improving the osseointegration process.

Tongue thrusting habit and its treatment

Baharuddin M. Ranggang — 2026-05-10

Tongue thrusting is the habit of protruding the tongue and pressing against the front teeth at rest, while speaking, or swallowing, which can lead to malocclu-sion. To overcome this habit, devices such as removable or fixed tongue cribs can be used. The habit of protruding the tongue causes an imbalance in the muscles of the mouth, which ultimately results in malocclusion, namely the incisors being pushed forward and an open bite. To overcome the habit of protru-ding the tongue, speech therapy, myofunctional therapy, tongue exercises, and the use of orthodontic appliances such as removable or fixed tongue cribs can be used. Variations of the tongue crib include the hybrid habit-correcting appliance, tongue crib with cold-cure acrylic, tongue shield, fixed palatal crib with trans-palatal arch, fixed tongue loops, tongue fence, and upper hay rake. It is concluded that the habit of protruding the tongue can be addressed using a remova-vable or fixed tongue crib.

The potential of advancing endodontic practice with chitosan: its role as a sea-derived natural irrigant

Tharisya Amiharna Kayla — 2026-05-10

Chitosan is a cationic polyaminosaccharide that can be chemically modified and holds great potential in endodontic applications. Its biological and physico-chemical properties, such as cross-linking ability, antimicrobial activity, and metal ion-binding capacity, support its use as a root canal irrigant. In both stan-dalone form and in combination with sodium hypochlorite and EDTA, chitosan has proven effective in removing the smear layer and inhibiting biofilm forma-tion. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of chitosan as an alternative root canal irrigant in supporting the success of endodontic therapy. Many re-sults indicate that chitosan shows promising potential as an irrigating agent due to its ability to combine chelating and antimicrobial effects without causing adverse effects on dentin structure. Therefore, chitosan deserves consideration as an alternative irrigant in modern endodontic practice.

The effect of stem cells on alveolar bone remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement

Ardiansyah S. Pawinru — 2026-05-10

Orthodontic tooth movement occurs through the application of mechanical forces that trigger a controlled process of alveolar bone remodelling, involving a balance between resorption by osteoclasts and new bone formation by osteoblasts. Stem cells, particularly mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and haemato-poietic stem cells (HSCs), play an important role in this mechanism. MSCs function as osteoblast precursors on the traction side, responding to mechani-cal forces through signalling pathways such as Wnt/?-catenin and MAPK/ERK to enhance osteogenesis. Meanwhile, HSCs differentiate into osteoclasts on the pressure side under the influence of RANKL, facilitating bone resorption. The coordinated activity of these two types of stem cells supports stable and efficient tooth movement. A deep understanding of the role of stem cells is not only important for improving the effectiveness of orthodontic treatment, but al-so opens up opportunities for the development of safer regenerative therapies, such as the use of exosomes or conditioned medium MSCs to optimise cli-nical outcomes and minimise complications.

Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties of methyl palmitate and hexadecenoid acid in oral diseases

Asmawati Amin — 2026-05-10

Oral diseases such as periodontitis and mucositis involve microbial biofilms and immune system disorders. Marine-derived lipid compounds such as methyl palmitate (MP) and hexadecenoic acid (AHD) exhibit promising antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. This review compiles current preclinical and clinical evidence on their mechanisms and therapeutic potential in oral diseases. A systematic search (2015–2025) through PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar was conducted using the PICOS framework, covering in vitro, animal, and clinical studies. Narrative synthesis was applied due to data variability. MP appears to reduce TNF-? and IL-1? by inhibiting NF-?B in macrophages and increasing IL-10. AHD decreases IL-6, IL-18, and MCP-1, promotes M2 polarisation, and disrupts biofilm. Both compounds are derived from marine sources such as fish oil and microalgae. It is concluded that MP and AHD have potential as adjunctive therapies for oral inflammation, although further clinical validation is essential.

The diagnosis, treatment and outcomes following the management of giant radicular cyst of the maxilla

M. Riza Firdaus — 2026-05-10

Radicular cysts are the most common odontogenic cysts originating from inflammation. These cysts are almost always associated with pulp necrosis, which causes inflammation of the periapical tissue, although they usually do not show symptoms unless infected. This study examined the diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes following management of giant radicular cysts in the maxilla based on articles indexed in four databases, namely PubMed-Medline, Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar, from 2014 to 2024. The initial search yielded 38 articles, but only 9 articles met the eligibility criteria. In addition to clinical examination, further radiographic examination is also necessary to plan treatment. Treatment options depend on factors such as the extent of the lesion, its relationship to surrounding structures, the clinical characteristics of the lesion, and the patient's systemic condition. It is concluded that it is very important for dentists to de-termine the correct diagnosis and treatment plan in order to provide optimal care.

Antibacterial potential of brown algae (Phaeophyceae) extract-based mouthwash against oral pathogenic bacteria

Baharuddin M. Ranggang — 2026-05-10

Oral health disorders are often caused by the growth of pathogenic bacteria, particularly Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Fuso-bacterium nucleatum. One common preventive measure is the use of mouthwash, although long-term use of chemical mouthwashes such as chlorhexidine often causes side effects, including tooth discolouration, mucosal irritation, and sensory disturbances. The use of natural brown algae (Phaeophyceae) extracts is an attractive alternative because they contain bioactive compounds that are antibacterial and antioxidant, such as fucoidan, polyphenols, and phlorotannins. Various studies have shown that extracts from brown algae species can significantly inhibit the growth of bacteria that cause oral diseases. This potential makes brown algae a suitable active ingredient in the formulation of effective and environmentally friendly mouthwashes. It is concluded that the development of brown algae-based mouthwashes supports the utilisation of marine resources as an innovative solution in the field of oral health.

The effect of marine mineral additions to composite resin on the remineralization process and restoration durability

Muhammad Ridzki Putra Pratama — 2026-05-10

Composite resin is a widely used restorative material in modern dentistry due to its advantages in aesthetics, mechanical strength, and biocompatibility. How-ever, its clinical performance is challenged by issues such as bond degradation, polymerization shrinkage, and microleakage. Innovations in composite re-sin development have focused on the incorporation of bioactive materials, including marine-derived minerals. Marine minerals such as hydroxyapatite from fish bones, calcium carbonate from shells and corals, and silica from marine diatoms have been explored as fillers or sources of active ions to enhance remi-neralization potential and improve restoration durability. This review aims to examine the current literature on the impact of marine mineral incorporation into composite resins on the remineralization of dental structures and the mechanical performance of restorations. Findings suggest that marine minerals, parti-cularly in nanoparticle form, can enhance calcium and phosphate ion release, promote the repair of demineralized tooth structures, and exhibit antibacterial effects. Nonetheless, further clinical studies are required to support the broader implementation of these materials in dental practice.

Effectiveness of virtual reality distraction in pediatric dentistry

Resti Allo Padang — 2026-05-10

When treating children, it is very important to prioritise comfort, effectiveness, safety, and conservative treatment methods. A positive dental experience is essential for children as it minimises anxiety in patients and parents. Distraction is one technique for successful treatment. It is necessary for controlling be-haviour and managing pain in children. The use of technology such as virtual reality (VR) has recently become an interesting tool for paediatric dentists, as it shifts children's focus away from fear and pain. Video games and digital games serve as VR content in some studies. The study shows that VR and smart-phone games are the most effective distraction techniques for managing negative behaviour in paediatric dental patients. This review provides an overview of the effectiveness of VR distraction in paediatric dentistry. It is concluded that distraction using VR in paediatric dentistry can reduce anxiety and pain levels during dental treatment.

Analysis of the relationship between formula feeding patterns and the risk of early childhood caries through ECC Dentch

Triyana Arisfa Rahmadhani — 2026-05-10

Dental caries is a health disorder with a high prevalence in all age groups, including infants and children, known as early childhood caries (ECC). One of the most common causes of ECC is the consumption of foods and beverages with high glucose content, including formula milk. This article analyses the rela-tionship between formula milk feeding patterns and the risk of ECC using the ECC Dentch application, which is designed to detect and provide informa-tion related to children's dental health. An analytical survey design was used with a cross-sectional approach on 45 children at Kartika 1-55 Kindergarten in Padang City. Data were obtained through questionnaires and clinical examinations. Although 95.6% of children were at risk of ECC, the chi-square test found no significant relationship between formula feeding patterns and the incidence of ECC (p=0.938). Other factors, such as oral hygiene and consumption of sugary foods, had a more dominant influence on the risk of ECC. The ECC Dentch application was found to have high sensitivity (100%) in detecting cases of ECC, although its specificity was low (0%). It was concluded that there was no significant relationship between formula feeding patterns and the risk of ECC.

The impact of mouth breathing on craniofacial development

Fadilah Abdullah — 2026-05-10

Mouth breathing is a harmful habit that deviates from the normal practice of breathing through the nose, and its aetiology is multifactorial. Various causes of mouth breathing include genetic factors, bad habits, and nasal obstruction due to tonsillar hypertrophy, nasal polyps, a deviated nasal septum, or sinusitis. The impact of mouth breathing on oral and craniofacial development remains a subject of debate, although children who habitually breathe through their mouths often exhibit certain characteristics, known as the ‘adenoid face’, including an incompetent upper lip, retroposition of the hyoid bone, a ‘V’-shaped up-per jaw arch, and Class II malocclusion. Changes in facial growth in individuals who breathe through their mouths have been studied by various healthcare professionals, including doctors and orthodontists, although much remains to be learnt about the relationship between mouth breathing and oral and cranio-facial development. This article discusses the impact of mouth breathing on craniofacial development. It is concluded that mouth breathing can influence cra-niofacial development through changes in the upper and lower jaw arches, profile, and muscles.

Orthodontic treatment consideration in thyroid disorders patients

Ita Purnama Alwi — 2026-05-10

Thyroid disorders, including hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and autoimmune thyroid disease, have a significant systemic impact on skeletal metabolism, bone remodelling, and periodontal tissue because orthodontic tooth movement depends on the balance of osteoclast and osteoblast activity within the pe-riodontal ligament and alveolar bone. Disorders at the thyroid hormone level can affect the biomechanics of treatment, the rate of tooth movement, ancho-rage control, and risks during treatment. This article discusses how thyroid dysfunction affects orthodontic tooth movement, periodontal tissue response, bone remodelling, and considerations for orthodontic treatment planning. It is concluded that management should be based on the identification of biological mecha-nisms, treatment risks, and essential clinical considerations for orthodontists treating patients with thyroid disorders.

The use of polyetherketoneketone in removable partial denture

St. Rakhmawati A. — 2026-05-10

Cobalt-chromium and titanium alloys are widely used as prosthetic frameworks due to their high strength, stiffness, corrosion iresistance, and passivation pro-perties. However, metal ions can potentially cause cytotoxicity, hypertension, and neoplasia. Polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) is an alternative polymer mate-rial that has physical, mechanical, and chemical properties suitable for use as denture framework material due to its high strength, low modulus of elasticity, and reduced risk of problems caused by metal frameworks such as allergies and potential me-tallic taste. In complex cases, the treatment plan and mate-rials used for the denture are important to ensure predictability and long-term du-rability. This review evaluates PEKK as a suitable biomaterial for removable partial denture frameworks. It is concluded that PEKK material is an alternative material that can be used as a removable partial denture framework because it is a lightweight framework material, has good biocompatibility, and is easy to repair in case of bone resorption.

Elastodontic appliances in orthodontics

Ardiansyah S. Pawinru — 2026-05-10

Elastodontics is a functional orthodontic approach using removable elastomeric appliances that generate light forces to correct malocclusion. This therapy is effective in both the primary and mixed dentition phases because it can influence jaw growth, improve tooth position, and correct bad habits such as oral brea-thing and atypical swallowing. Bioactivators, as an evolution of elastodontics, offer benefits such as comfort, low cost, short treatment time, and improved neuro-muscular function and dentoalveolar balance. Its elastomeric structure allows for adjustment without impressions, making it more practical than conventional appliances. However, there are limitations in its inability to rotate certain posterior teeth and its dependence on patient compliance. It is concluded that elasto-dontics is an alternative interceptive therapy that has the potential to reduce the need for further orthodontic intervention, while supporting the harmonious growth of the stomatognathic system.

Post-treatment evaluation of combined odontogenic keratocyst and ameloblastoma using fractal dimension analysis

Uce Ayuandyka M — 2026-05-10

Odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) and ameloblastoma are common odontogenic lesions, often occurring in the posterior part of the mandible. Panoramic radiogra-phic examination with fractal analysis has been proven very effective in evaluating trabecular bone and assessing disease prognosis by comparing preopera-tive and postoperative images of the lesion. This article evaluates the combined treatment of OKC and ameloblastoma through the application of fractal analy-sis on panoramic radiographs. A 20-year-old female presented with a complaint of swelling in the left mandible that had been ongoing for about three months. Objective examination showed facial asymmetry marked by enlargement of the posterior mandible. Radiographic examination showed multiple irregular ra-diolucent lesions resembling soap bubbles. The case was diagnosed as a combination of OKC and ameloblastoma. It is concluded that the dredging method has been proven effective in the treatment of OKC and ameloblastoma. Fractal analysis calculations have been proven to be very useful in the field of den-tistry for disease monitoring purposes.

Analysis of the potential of ethanol extract from small star fruit (Averrhoa bilimbi L) as a smear layer remover

Nur Asmah — 2026-05-10

Root canal treatment aims to remove vital and non-vital pulp tissue from the root canal. The smear layer consists of residual of RCT containing organic and inorganic matter from the root canal. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA 17%) is used as an irrigant to remove the smear layer, but it is toxic to periapi-cal tissues. One natural irrigant that is safe for periapical tissues is the extract of star fruit (Averrhoa bilimbi L.), which contains active compounds such as sapo-nins, flavonoids, and tannins that have potential to remove smear layer. This article reports on the potential of BBW ethanol extract as a smear layer cleaner. This laboratory experimental study, employing a post-test only control design, involved 24 single-rooted teeth divided into 4 treatment groups with 6 replicates. Assessment was performed using confocal laser scanning microscopy based on the Hulsmann scoring system, followed by statistical analysis. Based on the Mann-Whitney test, the comparison between the treatment groups (17% EDTA) and the 35% extract showed a p-value of 0.269, indicating no significant dif-ference. It was concluded that the 35% ethanol extract of belimbing wuluh fruit is effective in removing the smear layer and has potential as a natural root ca-nal irrigation agent.

Comparison of knowledge levels between boarding and non-boarding high school students in selecting rapid orthodontic care operators in Biringkanaya District, Makassar City

Zilal Islamy Paramma — 2026-05-10

The high prevalence of malocclusion has led to an increased demand for fixed orthodontic treatment. This phenomenon is exploited by non-professional practitioners, which risks harming patients if the choice of practitioner is inappropriate; therefore, it is necessary to determine the level of knowledge underlying decision-making, taking into account differences in environment and access to information between boarding and non-boarding secondary school students, by comparing the level of knowledge of boarding and non-boarding secondary school students in Makassar regarding the selection of fixed orthodontic treat-ment practitioners. Using a quantitative method and an analytical observational design via a cross-sectional study approach, 150 respondents (75 boarding stu-dents and 75 non-boarding students) were involved in Biringkanaya District, Makassar City. Data were collected using a questionnaire and analysed using an independent samples t-test, which showed that the mean knowledge level of non-boarding students (62.17) fell into the ‘adequate’ category, whilst that of boarding students (52.03) fell into the ‘inadequate’ category. Statistical analysis revealed a significant level of 0.000 (p<0.05), proving a significant difference in knowledge levels between the two groups. It was concluded that non-boarding students possess a higher level of knowledge regarding the selection of fixed orthodontic appliances.

The prevalence of traumatic ulcers among fixed orthodontic appliance wearers among dental students at Hasanuddin University

Harlina — 2026-05-10

The use of fixed orthodontic appliances can cause trauma to the soft tissues of the oral cavity due to friction from components such as brackets and archwires. Traumatic ulcers are one of the most common lesions and can cause pain and functional impairment. This article presents the prevalence of traumatic ulcers among students using fixed orthodontic appliances at the Faculty of Dentistry, Hasanuddin University. A descriptive observational study with a cross-sectional design was conducted using a sample of 64 respondents selected via purposive sampling. Data collection was carried out through a questionnaire regarding the history of traumatic ulcers and an intraoral examination to determine the actual prevalence. The prevalence of traumatic ulcers was 46.88%. The most common location was the buccal mucosa (66.7%), and the most common cause was brackets (53.3%). It is concluded that the prevalence of traumatic ul-cers among users of fixed orthodontic appliances remains relatively high, thus necessitating preventive education and regular monitoring.

Eruption and caries status of first permanent molars in children aged 6-7 years

Adam Malik Hamudeng — 2026-05-10

The prevalence of caries in children is very high, especially in the first permanent molars. The eruption status is an important milestone in a child's development, but it is also a phase that is vulnerable to the development of caries. This literature review explores the factors that influence the eruption status and caries of the first permanent molars in children aged 6-7 years. The first permanent molars are at high risk of caries due to pro-longed exposure to the oral environment. Factors such as genetics, nutrition, general health, and oral hygiene behaviour play a significant role in the eruption status and caries of the first permanent molars in children aged 6-7 years. It is concluded that a comprehensive preventive approach, including education, nutrition, and dental hygiene habits, is necessary to reduce the prevalence of caries in permanent first molars.

Application of biopolymers derived from seaweed and their use in dentistry

Alda — 2026-05-10

The use of synthetic materials in dentistry often leads to problems with medical waste that is difficult to degrade and the risk of infection due to suboptimal mechanical properties and biocompatibility. Acrylic resin, for example, is prone to fracture and can become a breeding ground for microorganisms that cause denture stomatitis. Furthermore, the use of denture adhesives can cause mucosal irritation and increase the risk of infection. This article evaluates the potential of seaweed biopolymers as an environmentally friendly, biocompatible, and multifunctional alternative material in dentistry. Seaweed biopoly-mers are expected to address waste issues and support clinical applications such as dental impression materials, tissue scaffolds, and drug delivery sys-tems effectively and safely. Consequently, the use of seaweed biopolymers can promote more sustainable and innovative dental practices. It is conclu-ded that seaweed biopolymers are environmentally friendly, biocompatible, and multifunctional alternative material for dentistry. Further research is required to optimise their clinical applications

The effectiveness of a 0.25% lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil mouth spray and a 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwash against supragingival plaque in wearers of fixed orthodontic appliances

Korniala — 2026-05-10

The use of fixed orthodontic appliances increases the risk of plaque accumulation due to the numerous retentive areas around the brackets and wires. 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwash is the gold standard for plaque control, but its long-term use can cause side effects. Lemongrass essential oil (Cymbopogon citra-tus) possesses antibacterial activity, making it a potential safer alternative mouthwash. Differences in the effectiveness of 0.25% lemongrass essential oil mouth spray and 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwash in reducing supragingival plaque scores were reported among students using fixed orthodontic appliances. A quasi-experimental study with a pre-test and post-test control group design was conducted on 30 participants (15 in each group). Plaque scores were mea-sured using the OHI-S before and after the intervention. Analysis was performed using a paired t-test and an independent samples t-test (?=0.05). The 0.25% lemongrass mouth spray reduced plaque scores from 56.64% to 25.44% (p=0.001). The 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwash reduced the plaque score from 58.37% to 25.87% (p=0.001). A comparison between the groups showed p=0.762, indicating no significant difference between the two. It is concluded that both agents are equally effective in reducing plaque scores, and 0.25% lemongrass mouth spray may be a safer alternative to 0.12% chlorhexidine.

Author Guideline

Makassar Dental Journal — 2026-05-10

Author Guideline